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A2Elementary3 min readUpdated

Coordinating conjunctions: und, aber, oder, denn, sondern

und, aber, oder, denn and sondern sit in position 0: the clause after them keeps normal main-clause order, verb second. sondern only after a negation.

Rule

und, aber, oder, denn and sondern join two equal parts — two main clauses, or two words or phrases of the same kind. They occupy position 0: the conjunction does not count as the first element, so the clause behind it keeps ordinary main-clause order — position 1 holds the subject, or another element and then the subject follows the verb, and the conjugated verb stays in position 2. The conjunction itself never triggers inversion.

What each one does:

  • und — addition.
  • aber — contrast or restriction; both parts can be true.
  • oder — alternative.
  • denn — a reason; it answers warum?
  • sondern — a correction after a negation: the second part replaces what the first part rejects.

aber or sondern? Use sondern only when a negation (nicht, kein, nie) is followed by the replacement for the rejected element: nicht mein Mantel, sondern deiner. Without a negation sondern is impossible, and after a negation that is only limited rather than replaced, aber is right: Er ist nicht reich, aber zufrieden.

denn or weil? Same reason, different structure. After denn the verb stays second, and the denn-clause can only follow the clause it explains, never precede it. weil is subordinating: it pushes the conjugated verb to the end, and its clause may also come first, which then inverts the main clause.

Commas. A comma is required before aber, denn and sondern, even between short phrases (klein, aber hell). Between two full main clauses with und or oder it is optional — set it if it makes reading easier. When they only join words, phrases or a second verb with the same, unrepeated subject, no comma is set.

aber also occurs unstressed inside a clause as a particle (Ich habe aber keine Zeit); there it is not the position-0 conjunction.

Examples

  • Ich koche, und du deckst den Tisch. — I'll cook and you set the table.
  • Ich stehe um sechs auf und gehe joggen. — I get up at six and go jogging.
  • Wir gehen ins Kino oder wir bleiben zu Hause. — We'll go to the cinema or we'll stay at home.
  • Möchtest du Tee oder trinkst du lieber Kaffee? — Would you like tea, or do you prefer coffee?
  • Der Kurs ist teuer, aber er ist sehr gut. — The course is expensive, but it's very good.
  • Die Wohnung ist klein, aber hell. — The flat is small but bright.
  • Ich komme später, denn ich habe noch einen Termin. — I'll come later, because I still have an appointment.
  • Ich bleibe heute zu Hause, denn morgen schreibe ich eine Prüfung. — I'm staying at home today, because tomorrow I'm sitting an exam.
  • Das ist nicht mein Mantel, sondern deiner. — That's not my coat, it's yours.
  • Wir fahren nicht mit dem Auto, sondern mit dem Zug. — We aren't going by car, we're going by train.

Quick table

Conjunction Function Comma before it Word order after it Example
und addition optional between two main clauses subject + verb (position 2) Ich koche, und du deckst den Tisch.
aber contrast, restriction required subject + verb (position 2) Der Kurs ist teuer, aber er ist sehr gut.
oder alternative optional between two main clauses subject + verb (position 2) Wir gehen ins Kino oder wir bleiben zu Hause.
denn reason (warum?) required subject + verb (position 2) Ich komme später, denn ich habe noch einen Termin.
sondern correction after a negation required subject + verb (position 2) Das ist nicht mein Mantel, sondern deiner.
Type Verb position May the clause come before the one it explains? Example
denn coordinating (position 0) second position no — it follows that clause Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin müde.
weil subordinating at the end yes — the main clause then inverts Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich müde bin. / Weil ich müde bin, bleibe ich zu Hause.

Common mistakes

  • ❌ Ich komme später, denn habe ich noch einen Termin. → ✅ Ich komme später, denn ich habe noch einen Termin. — denn sits in position 0 and doesn't count, so the subject keeps position 1.
  • ❌ Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich müde bin. → ✅ Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin müde. — only weil and da send the verb to the end; after denn the clause stays a main clause.
  • ❌ Das ist nicht mein Mantel, aber deiner. → ✅ Das ist nicht mein Mantel, sondern deiner. — the second part replaces what the negation rejects, and that correction needs sondern.
  • ❌ Die Wohnung ist klein, sondern hell. → ✅ Die Wohnung ist klein, aber hell. — there is no negation and nothing is replaced, so only aber works.
  • ❌ Ich rufe an aber es meldet sich niemand. → ✅ Ich rufe an, aber es meldet sich niemand. — a comma is obligatory before aber, denn and sondern.

English but covers both aber and sondern, which is why the negation test matters. deshalb and trotzdem, by contrast, take position 1 and do invert.

Frequently asked questions

Does the word order change after und, aber, denn?

No. These conjunctions stand in position 0, so the clause after them starts normally: subject first, conjugated verb second. The subject only moves behind the verb if that clause itself opens with a time or place phrase.

When do I use sondern instead of aber?

Only after a negation (nicht, kein, nie) whose content the second part replaces: Das ist nicht mein Mantel, sondern deiner. In every other case — including a negation that is merely restricted — you need aber.

What is the difference between denn and weil?

Same reason, different structure. After denn the verb stays in second position and the denn-clause follows the clause it explains (Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin müde); weil sends the conjugated verb to the end (weil ich müde bin) and its clause may also open the sentence.

Do I need a comma before und and oder?

Between two complete main clauses the comma is optional, and there is none when und/oder only join words, phrases or a second verb with the same subject. Before aber, denn and sondern a comma is required.

Can the denn-clause come first?

No — denn can only follow the clause it explains; a reason placed in front of its clause needs weil or da. After a full stop denn may open a new sentence (Ich bleibe zu Hause. Denn ich bin müde.). The particle denn in questions (Was machst du denn?) is a different use of the word.